http://blogs.najah.edu/author/emp_3037 An-Najah Blogs :: en-us Sat, 27 Jul 2024 14:56:08 IDT Sat, 27 Jul 2024 14:56:08 IDT [email protected] [email protected] http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/articlePublished Articles كما هو معروف فإن المصادر المائية في فلسطين تعد المحدد الرئيسي لتطوره الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، إذ لا تتوفر لهذا البلد خاصة مع وجود الاحتلال الإسرائيلي واستنزافه للموارد المائية على مدار سنوات الاحتلال الموارد المائية الكافية لتلبية حاجاته للاستعمال المنزلي وللاستعمالات الصناعية ولتزويد المشاريع الزراعية بالاحتياجات المائية المتاحة، علمًا بأن المصادر المتجددة المتاحة منها قد استغلت بصورة شبه تامة إضافة إلى هذا الاستنزاف الجائر للمصادر المائية فإن قطاع الصناعة الإسرائيلي وخاصة الصناعات المجاورة للمناطق الحدودية والصناعات في المستوطنات الإسرائيلية فهي تسهم مساهمة كبيرة في تلويث عناصر البيئة الفلسطينية بشكل كبير بناءً على ما تقدم فإن هناك خطرا حقيقيا يهدد البيئة الفلسطينية بشكل عام والمصادر المائية الفلسطينية بشكل خاص جراء وجود المستوطنات الإسرائيلية وخاصة التي تحتوي على بعض الصناعات ويمكن تلخيص الأثر السلبي لهذه الصناعات على المصادر المائية بالنقاط الأساسية التالية: 1 استنزاف المصادر المائية بالأحواض الجوفية وحوض نهر الأردن والبحر الميت مما أدى إلى تدهور المخزون المائي وانخفاض مستوى المياه الجوفية 2 تردي نوعية المياه السطحية وخاصة في نهر الأردن نتيجة إلقاء مخلفات الصناعة الإسرائيلية في الجزء السفلي من نهر الأردن بعد بحيرة طبريا 3 تردي نوعية المياه الجوفية وخاصة في الحوض الشرقي نتيجة السحب الجائر للمصادر المائية هناك لاستخدامها في قطاعي الصناعة والزراعة 4 تلويث المصادر المائية السطحية والجوفية بالمياه العادمة والمياه الصناعية من المستوطنات الإسرائيلية حيث تعمل هذه المياه على تلويث المصادر المائية إضافة إلى التربة والأراضي الزراعية المجاورة للوديان التي يتم التخلص من هذه المياه العادمة من خلالها 5 تدهور وانخفاض مستوى سطح البحر الميت بحيث أصبح مهددا بخطر الجفاف بسبب العديد من العوامل أهمها قيام إسرائيل بتحويل جزء منه عبر الناقل الوطني الإسرائيلي لصحراء النقب إضافة إلى الأنشطة الصناعية الموجودة على البحر الميتhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Towards-Sustainable-Management-of-Jerash-Watershed-The-SMAP-ProjectPublished ArticlesWith limited resources and rapidly increasing demands sustainability is becoming an increasingly important issue yet difficult goal to achieve in wadis Salih and Ghanem 2003 Sustainability of wadi systems is more complicated due to the conflicts and interactions among the different resource utilizations Therefore sustainability of wadi systems and rather any natural entity can only be achieved through an integrated management approach In this study an attempt is made to summarize the challenges facing sustainable development of a wadi system Wadi Jerash and to propose some solutions towards achieving that goal The challenges considered in this paper include technical socio-economic environmental institutional political and legal aspects Wadi Jerash project area defined as the surface catchment of the Zerqa River in Jordan is taken as an example due to its characteristics as a natural environmental set-up that need to be managed in a comprehensive and sustainable manner The proposed methodologies are based on the outcome of wadi al Far\a and Jerash integrated watershed management project The overall aim of the project is to create sustainable development conditions for the study area through which water resources natural resources and human resources are protected and conservedhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Evaluation-of-Water-Management-Options-for-More-Food-Security-in-PalestinePublished ArticlesWater management options for more food security in Palestine were evaluated using WEAP simulation model A water management structure consisting of eight interrelated modules covering all aspects of water management was used Three potential future political scenarios were tested: the current a consolidate and an independent State order Simulations indicated that political status has decisive impact on water availability and the level of unmet demand and accordingly on present and future food security in Palestine Water management water trading and water cost modules resulted in reductions in future water demands and therefore have positive impact on food security in Palestinehttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/GIS-Based-KWndashGIUH-Hydrological-Model-of-Semiarid-Catchments-the-Case-of-Faria-Catchment-PalestinePublished ArticlesAmong the most basic challenges of hydrology are the quantitative understanding of the processes of runoff generation and prediction of flow hydrographs Traditional techniques have been widely applied for the estimation of runoff hydrographs of gauged catchments using historical rainfallrunoff data and unit hydrographs Such procedures are questioned as to their reliability and their application to ungauged arid and semiarid catchments To overcome such difficulties the use of physically based rainfallrunoff estimation methods such as the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph GIUH approach has evolved This paper models the rainfallrunoff process of Faria catchment using the lately developed KWGIUH Faria catchment located in the northeastern part of the West Bank Palestine is characterized as a semiarid region with annual rainfall depths ranging on average from 150 to 640 mm at both ends of the catchment The Geographical Information System GIS techniques were used to shape the geomorphological features of the catchment A GIS-based KWGIUH hydrological model was used to simulate the rainfallrunoff process in the three sub-catchments of Faria namely: Al-Badan Al-Faria and Al-Malaqi The simulated runoff hydrographs proved that the GIS-based KWGIUH model is applicable to semiarid regions and can be used to estimate the unit hydrographs in the West Bank catchments http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Management-Options-of-Wadi-Faria-BaseflowPublished Articles The availability of adequate water of appropriate quality has become a limiting factor for development worldwide In arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity is a dominant problem the overexploitation of water resources threatens to deteriorate the availability of these natural resources Wadi Faria catchments located within the Jordan River Basin in Palestine are under arid and semiarid conditions as characterized by the scarcity of its natural water resources and the low per capita water allocation Wadi Faria is a perennial stream in which 11 fresh water springs form the baseflow Annual discharges from these springs vary from less than 4 to 42 MCM with an approximate average of 135 MCM These available water resources have sustainable-yield limits that do not meet the water needs Management of the available water in Wadi Faria is essential for the sustainable development of the area This has compelled the motivation for developing a set of management options to optimally manage the baseflow of Wadi Faria as a necessary step towards developing its water resources This paper explores management options to set the framework for decisionmaking in regard of efficient practices that can be adopted to manage the scarce water resources of Wadi Faria catchments http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Statistical-Analysis-of-Long-Term-Spring-Yield-in-a-Semi-Arid-Watershed-a-Case-Study-from-PalestinePublished ArticlesArid and semi-arid regions are generally characterized by water scarcity and low per capita water allocation This situation is further exacerbated when such areas are agriculturally dominated with high-density residential areas Faria watershed located in the northeastern part of the West Bank Palestine is one of these semi-arid watersheds where recently the prolonged drought periods in the watershed and the high population growth rate have negatively affected the existing obtainable surface water and groundwater resources Springs are a major water resource in the watershed where more than 50 of the water needs of the Palestinians in the study area is furnished by these springs Most of the springs of Faria watershed are located in the upper and middle parts of the watershed There are 11 fresh water springs in the watershed which can be divided into three groups: Faria Bathan and Miska in addition to other two springs that are entirely utilized by the City of Nablus Discharge data for the springs show high spring discharge variability Annual discharge from these springs varies from less than 4 to almost 42 MCM with an approximate average amount of 135 MCM Due to the fact that the available water resources in Faria watershed have sustainable-yield limits that cannot be surpassed and owing to the fact that water demand is increasing to fulfill the agricultural and residential requirements reliability assessment of water availability in Faria watershed is of great importance in order to optimally manage the local water resources This situation has compelled the motivation for conducting a statistical analysis of long-term spring yields in the watershed This analysis is essential to better understand the behavioral trends in spring yields in the area to comprehend the uncertainty associated with spring yields and the influential explanatory parameters and to enable the development of optimal water allocation policies and management option measures under drought conditions such that the economic revenue is maximized This paper employs the fundamental statistical parameters and concepts to analyze the long-term spring yields in Faria watershed in or20 der to evaluate the seasonality and variability of the yields Thereafter the relationship between spring yield and explanatory parameters such as precipitation is investigated Such relationship can be utilized in the development of best management practices that can be adopted to manage the scarce water resources in the watershedhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Probability-Distribution-of-Faria-Catchment-Rainfall-DataPublished ArticlesAnalysis of rainfall data is one of the important tools to understand the climatic conditions of any region Extreme events such as severe storms floods and droughts are the main features of the hydrological system of a region that need to be analyzed Faria catchment dominating the eastern slopes of the West Bank is a catchment of about 330 km2 attains the semiarid characteristics of the region The catchment is gauged by 6 rainfall stations that record daily rainfalls Frequency analysis is applied here to analyze the recorded rainfall The statistical distribution of these data are presented and evaluated Gumbel distribution is applied to simulate the annual rainfall data of the 6 station of Faria catchment Trend and regression analysis have been also applied The results have provided means to understand and evaluate the distribution characteristics of the rainfall in semiarid regions An increasing trend of rainfall averages is obtained for the elevated stations and a decreasing trend for the lower stations The trend is related to the later developments and changes in the climatic conditions of the region Regression analysis relates the 6 stations within the Faria catchmenthttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Hydrograph-Estimation-in-Semiarid-Regions-Using-GIS-Supported-GIUH-ModelPublished ArticlesAmong the most basic challenges of hydrology are the quantitative understanding of the processes of runoff generation and prediction of the flow hydrographs and their transmission to the outlet Traditional techniques have been widely applied for the estimation of runoff hydrographs at the outlets of gauged watersheds using historical rainfall-runoff data and unit hydrographs derived from them Such procedures are questioned for their reliability due to the climatic and physical changes in the watershed and their application to ungauged arid and semiarid catchments To overcome such difficulties the use of physically based rainfall-runoff estimation methods such as the Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph GIUH approach has evolved In this study the lately developed GIUH model is applied to Al-Badan watershed of Faria catchment located in the northeastern part of the West Bank Palestine The Faria catchment characterizes a semiarid region with annual rainfall depths ranging on average from about 150 to 600 mm The Geographical Information System GIS techniques are used to shape the geomorphological features of the catchment The application of the GIS supported GIUH model has proved reasonable agreement between the simulated runoff hydrograph and the recorded flows The paper has elaborated on the applicability of the unit hydrograph theory and the GIUH to semiarid regionshttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/A-Decision-Support-System-for-Integrated-Water-and-Land-Management-in-Agriculture-Dominated-Watersheds-A-Conceptual-Study-to-Faria-Watershed-PalestinePublished ArticlesArid and semi-arid regions are generally characterized by water scarcity and low per capita water allocation This situation is further exacerbated when such areas are agriculturally dominated and encounter a high population growth rate Faria watershed Palestine is one of these semi-arid regions where lack of proper management of natural resources accompanied with the recent prolonged drought periods in the watershed have negatively affected the existing obtainable surface water and groundwater resources This situation has compelled the motivation for developing optimal water allocation policies that consider the available water resources under the climatic changes in the watershed such that the socio-economic revenue is maximized This paper conceptually demonstrates a decision-support-system to integrate different work plans and components in order to assess the conjunctive use of the different water resources in the watershed under different management scenarios driven by climatic changes and land use planning The framework incorporates an assessment of the existing data and future needs a GIS framework to facilitate processing and visualization mathematical models of surface water and groundwater a planning model to evaluate the economic ramifications for different management options and a multi-criteria decision analysis modulehttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Assessment-of-Groundwater-Vulnerability-to-Nitrate-Contamination-in-Gaza-Strip-PalestinePublished ArticlesAquifers are vulnerable to contamination from residential agricultural and industrial pollutants Agriculture-related activities are well-known to cause nonpoint source pollution of groundwater from nitrate NO3 Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination from nonpoint sources is essential to decision makers land use planners environmental regulators and stakeholders to highlight areas where protection alternative measures should be introduced and where groundwater monitoring and modeling efforts ought to be carried out Spatial analysis techniques are needed in managing and processing hydrologic and hydrogeologic data Thus geographic Information System GIS is a sound approach to evaluate the spatial outcomes of the assessment of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination This paper aims at developing a simple yet efficient GIS-based framework to assess groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination through the utilization of the well-known DRASTIC model Since DRASTIC provides an assessment of the intrinsic vulnerability independently from the contaminant of concern this paper proposes an improvement to the DRASTIC model to account for the vulnerability to nitrate contamination The Gaza Coastal Aquifer GCA was taken as a demonstration example to show method development and applicabilityhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Decision-Support-System-for-Integrated-Water-and-Land-Management-in-Agriculture-Dominated-Watersheds-A-conceptual-study-to-Faria-watershed-PalestinePublished ArticlesArid and semi-arid regions are generally characterized by water scarcity and low per capita water allocation This situation is further exacerbated when such areas are agriculturally dominated and encounter a high population growth rate Faria watershed Palestine is one of these semi-arid regions where the recent prolonged drought periods in the watershed have negatively affected the existing obtainable surface water and groundwater resources This situation has compelled the motivation for developing optimal water allocation policies that consider the available water resources under the dramatic climatic changes in the watershed such that the economic revenue is maximized Since the available water resources in the watershed have a sustainable-yield limits that should not be exceeded and owing to the fact that water demand is increasing to fulfill the agricultural and residential requirements alternative water resources need to be utilized including the use of wastewater effluent and brackish water In addition possible changes in land use classes and associated practices impact the water resources availability spatially and temporarily The utilization of wastewater and brackish water though economically feasible yet leads to the long-term degradation of water resources accompanied with possible serious harmful health ramifications and the likelihood of negatively affecting the land productivity especially when dealing with brackish water Therefore decision criteria have to be developed to account for the economic ramifications environmental consequences and water resources availability This paper conceptually demonstrates a decision support system to integrate different work plans and components in order to assess the conjunctive use of the different water resources in the watershed under different management scenarios driven by climatic changes and land use planning The framework involves diverse modules for the development of scenarios and management options a GIS technology to facilitate processing and visualization mathematical models of surface water and groundwater quantity and quality an economic model to evaluate the economic ramifications for different management options and a multi-criteria decision analysis module http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/A-Conceptual-Framework-for-Managing-Nitrate-Contamination-of-the-Gaza-Coastal-Aquifer-PalestinePublished ArticlesPublic concerns over the groundwater quality of the Gaza Coastal Aquifer has grown significantly in recent years and has focused increasingly on anthropogenic sources for the problem The Gaza Coastal Aquifer is an important source of water to over 13 million residents and is utilized extensively to satisfy agricultural domestic and industrial water demands Evidence indicates that the nitrate NO3 levels routinely exceeded the maximum contaminant level MCL of 10 mgL NO3-N in 90 percent of the water supply wells Degradation of groundwater quality in the Gaza Coastal Aquifer due to nitrate pollution and the continuously increasing demand for potable water have motivated the restoration of the aquifer Restoration efforts have intensified the dire need for developing protection alternatives and management options MOs such that the ultimate nitrate concentrations at the critical receptors are below the MCL This paper presents a generic conceptual framework for the management of groundwater contamination from nitrate for the Gaza Coastal Aquifer The framework incorporates an assessment of existing data and future monitoring needs conceptual models of groundwater flow and nitrate fate and transport and decision-making tools to study the impact of different MOs considering both environmental and economic aspectshttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Will-Palestinian-Water-Development-be-PossiblePublished ArticlesThis paper examines the history that lead to the present-day allocation of the waters that are jointly claimed by Palestinians and Israelis It describes the status of the water sector in Israel at the time the Oslo II Peace Accords were signed and contrasts these Israeli conditions with the development of water resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories under the auspices of the Oslo II accords The paper reports on the impacts that have been sustained by the Palestinian water infrastructure during the current Intifada and speculates on the conditions that will have to prevail before Palestinian-Israeli water issues can be resolved The paper is based in part on personal experiences of its authors in working in the Palestinian water sector since 1996 It documents a sampling of problematical situations and conditions related to water management in the region that are not frequently reported in the western media that do not command the attention of academic researchers but that provide a glimpse into reasons why the joint management of the waters shared by Palestinians and Israelis was not possible under the framework of Oslo II In particular conditions on the ground that are peculiar to the water sector and that continue to prevent an integrated approach to the management of transboundary water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories are discussedhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/An-Overview-of-the-Two-Seas-Canal-and-Its-ImplicationPublished ArticlesThe Jordan River is a relatively small watercourse with many historic cultural hydrologic ecologic and political significance It is shared by five independent countries Lebanon Syria Jordan Israel and Palestine During the last thirty years most of the Jordan River was diverted for different uses which leave less than 10 of the long-term average flow into the Dead Sea As a result the Dead Sea surface area reduced from 1700 km2 to less than 500 km2 and the level dropped more than 25 meters To save the Dead Sea from disappearing and to produce more water available a canal among many other solutions has been proposed to transfer water to Dead Sea from adjacent water bodies using the difference in elevation between the Dead Sea and Red Sea or the Mediterranean This paper discusses the concept of intersea transfer and the feasibility of this approachhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Development-of-Water-Supply-and-Demand-in-PalestinePublished ArticlesPalestine is among the countries with the scarcest renewable water resources due to both natural and artificial constraints amounting to only 100 cubic meters per capita per annum This amount is far below the available water in other countries in the Middle East and the World At present the water demand exceeds the available water supply The available supply is constrained mainly due to artificial non-economic factors The gap between the water supply and water demand is growing due to the population growth improving standard of living standard and the need to expand irrigated agriculture and industrialization This paper will give an estimate of the projected Palestinian water demand in light of the proposed national targets and will assess all potential water sources both conventional and non-conventionalhttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Evaluation-of-Design-Parameters-of-Skimming-Wells-in-Jericho-Governorate-PalestinePublished ArticlesIn Palestine the existence of fresh groundwater overlying saline water in groundwater systems is widespread Fresh groundwater lenses are a vital water resource where other surface and sub-surface resources of water are not sufficient Therefore it is important to understand how to economically extract the maximum amount of fresh water from the aquifer whilst preventing the mixing of both fresh and saline waters Many part of the West Bank including Jericho suffers from water scarcity and at the same time from the phenomenon of salt water instruction Drought and heavy exploitation in the district have led the water table to decline and salt water intrusion and upconing near some of the wells in the area This is restricting the future utilization of the agricultural land in the area It is of great importance to the response of the saline movement under a discharge well is required for the safe exploitation of a layer of limited thickness overlaying saline groundwater This paper provides a better understanding of the saline water movement under a discharge well using the data of some wells in the Jericho area Sensitivity analyses were carried out on each of the primary design parameters using the finite difference simulation model RASIM A criterion for the design of the discharge wells in the Jericho district has been established in order to achieve optimal fresh water recovery from these wells http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Optimal-water-management-and-conflict-resolution-The-Middle-East-Water-ProjectPublished ArticlesIn many situations actual water markets will not allocate water resources optimally largely because of the perceived social value of water It is possible however to build optimizing models which taking account of demand as well as supply considerations can substitute for actual markets Such models can assist the formation of water policies taking into account user-supplied values and constraints They provide powerful tools for the system-wide cost-benefit analysis of infrastructure; this is illustrated by an analysis of the need for desalination in Israel and the cost and benefits of adding a conveyance line Further the use of such models can facilitate cooperation in water yielding gains that can be considerably greater than the value of the disputed water itself This can turn what appear to be zero-sum games into win-win situations The Middle East Water Project has built such a model for the Israeli-Jordanian-Palestinian region We find that the value of the water in dispute in the region is very small and the possible gains from cooperation are relatively large Analysis of the scarcity value of water is a crucial featurehttp://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Numerical-Simulation-of-the-Movement-of-Saltwater-under-Skimming-and-Scavenger-Pumping-in-the-Pleistocene-Aquifer-of-Gaza-and-Jericho-Areas-PalestinePublished ArticlesThe Pleistocene aquifers are important sources of water supply in both the Gaza and Jericho areas of Palestine The aquifers are saline with freshwater lenses floating on saline bodies of water It is important to investigate how to exploit these freshwater lenses without causing unnecessary mixing of the fresh and saline waters The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of applying skimming and scavenger pumping as a means to exploit the freshwater lenses and to control saline water upconing in the aquifers This study is the first to examine the movement of fresh and saline waters underneath skimming and scavenger wells in the aquifers of Gaza and Jericho Two simulation models that couple density-dependent fluid flow and solute transport have been used to simulate and predict the movement of saltwater under different hydrogeological and operational conditions of skimming and scavenger wells in the two aquifers The results show for the Jericho Aquifer that: the location of well screen has a strong control on the steady-state position of the freshsaline water transition zone; the upconing mechanism appears to continue under skimming pumping until saline water enters the well screen even when the pumping rate is reduced; and for better salinity control it is necessary to place well screen against the gravel layers only and locate one screen segment in the saline water zone The study shows for the Gaza coastal aquifer that the most important parameters affecting the movement of saline water under scavenger pumping are the relationship between recharge and pumping rates the location of the well screen within the saturated thickness the vertical permeability; and the transverse dispersivity This study shows that saltwater upconing in Gaza aquifer can be controlled by operating a second well in the saline water zone so that the optimal ratio between saline water and freshwater pumping is 1:2 respectively Transport in Porous Media Volume 43 Number 1 April 2001 http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Application-of-Water-Allocation-System-Model-to-the-Palestinian---Israeli-Water-ConflictPublished ArticlesWater in the Middle East is a scarce resource This scarcity is adding another dimension to the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis This dimension is the conflict over the ownership and the distribution of water In the late nineties experts both in and out of the region started to estimate the value of water in dispute These ideas were elaborated in a computer model called Water Allocation System WAS 33 The paper applied the WAS 33 model to explore the economic consequences of various water scenarios The questions answered in this paper are related to the distribution of water in the region the production of additional water to cover the growing demand the provisions for dry years the allocation of costs and benefits and price charge to the consumers of water Variables in the various scenarios are population growth and land ownership and the ownership of water In this paper only implications and results from the Palestinian side will be discussed Also all the simulations in this paper are taken for the planning year 2010 The outcome of this paper shows that additional quantities of water should be made available to the Palestinians regardless of the assumed scenarios in the different simulations Also the outcome shows that all parties in the region will gain if cooperation exists between these parties once the question of water rights is determined An-Najah University Journal for Research - Natural Sciences A ISSN: 1727-2114 Volume 15 2001 Pages: 081-097http://blogs.najah.edu/staff/emp_3037/article/Flood-Routing-Techniques-for-Incremental-Damage-AssessmentPublished ArticlesIncremental damage assessment IDA for dam safety evaluation determines whether or not a significant increase in flooding will result from dam failure Since IDA depends on a prediction of downstream flooding with and without dam failure it is essential that flood routing be performed using an appropriately selected and properly applied technique Conclusions drawn from an IDA can be distorted if flood routing is inappropriately applied or if unrealistic breach parameters are used In this paper the results of a study which assesses the accuracy of alternative flood routing technique for use in IDA are reported Flood routing techniques that are evaluated cover dynamic routing kinematic Muskingum-Cunge and normal depth storage routing These techniques were evaluated against the more accurate two-dimensional flood routing technique contained in the diffusion hydrodynamic model DHM The assessment was conducted for conditions which typify those that exist in Palestine The goal of the study is to develop guidelines for selection of flood routing techniques for use in IDA and for interpreting IDA results in different settings The overall outcome shows that the performance of one dimensional techniques in predicting peak stages performed very well when using a full one dimensional model especially in cases where there is a uniformity in the water course